ch store of pharmaceutical and herbal knowledge. His works lacked scientific credibility because of their use of astrological although he combined diseases, plants and astrological prognosis into a simple integrated system that has proved extremely popular to the present day.[76] Legacy[edit]

uage. It lacked the quality illustrations of Gerard's works, but was a massive and informative compendium including about 3800 plants (twice the number of Gerard's first edition Herball), over 1750 pages and over 2,700 woodcuts.[80] This was effectively the last and culminating herbal of its kind and, although it included more plants of no discernible economic or medicinal use than ever before, they were nevertheless arranged according to their properties rather than their natural affinities.[81]
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Nicholas Culpeper (1616–1654) was an English botanist, herbalist, physician, apothecary and astrologer from London's East End.[82] His published books were A Physicall Directory[83] (1649), which was a pseudoscientific pharmacopoeia. The English Physitian[84] (1652) and the Complete Herbal[85] (1653), contain a rich store of pharmaceutical and herbal knowledge. His works lacked scientific credibility because of their use of astrological although he combined diseases, plants and astrological prognosis into a simple integrated system that has proved extremely popular to the present day.[76]
Legacy[edit]

Further information: Pharmacopoeia, Plant taxonomy, and Flora


Back cover of the Chinese pharmacopoeia First Edition, published in 1930.
The legacy of the herbal extends beyond medicine to botany and horticulture. Herbal medicine is still practiced in many parts of the world but the traditional grand herbal, as described here, ended with the European Renaissance, the rise of modern medicine and the use of synthetic and industrialized drugs. The medicinal component of herbals has developed in several ways. Firstly, discussion of plant lore was reduced and with the increased medical content there emerged the official pharmacopoeia. The first British Pharmacopoeia was published in the English language in 1864, but gave such general dissatisfaction both to the medical profession and to chemists and druggists that the General Medical Council brought out a new and amended edition in 1867. Secondly, at a more popular level, there are the books on culinary herbs and herb gardens, medicinal and useful plants. Finally, the enduring desire for simple medicinal information on specific plants has resulted in contemporary herbals that echo the herbals of the past, an example being Maud Grieve's A Modern Herbal, first published in 1931 but with many subsequent editions.[86]


Illustration of Delphinium peregrinum in Flora Graeca by John Sibthorp and Ferdinand Bauer (1806–1840).
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